Depth of field( shallow and wide) Whats in focus when its shallow only a little is in focus and wide means a lot of stuff is in focus. 

Light( angle and intensity) Angle- is about where the light is coming from. Intensity- is how bright the  light is.

Shadows are the absence of light 

Diffusion decreasing the intensity of the light( altering light)

Exposure what does your picture look like is it to light or to dark or perfect.

Aperture(f-stop) Inside the lens and how big the opening is.

Shutter speed has to do with the mirror thats inside the camera. And how fast the mirror opens and closes.

ISO Has to do with the sensor inside the camera its about how sensitive the sensor is to light. As you increase the iso you increase the amount of grain you see in your picture.

Types of lenses- telephoto, prime, wide angle

 

Telephoto- zooms you closer to your object

Prime- does not zoom, bigger aperture setting

Aperture